{"id":7947,"date":"2024-07-15T10:50:18","date_gmt":"2024-07-15T07:50:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/shorouknet.sha.edu.eg\/?p=7947"},"modified":"2024-07-15T10:50:18","modified_gmt":"2024-07-15T07:50:18","slug":"%d8%a3%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d8%b5%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%83%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%b4%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%8a-%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%af-%d9%85%d9%86-%d9%83%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/shorouknet.sha.edu.eg\/?p=7947","title":{"rendered":"\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629..\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0627\u062f..\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\/ \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0627\u062f ( 1921- 1999 ) \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u062f “\u0634\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0627\u062f ”\u00a0\u00a0 \u0641\u064a\u00a0 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0642\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1921 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 ( \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 ) \u0639\u0627\u0645 1936 \u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0646\u0632\u062d\u00a0 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 ( \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 ) \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649\u00a0 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1940 . \u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1948 \u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1953 .<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 :<\/p>\n

1-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 ( \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 ) \u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1945 .<\/p>\n

2-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0623\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1945 .<\/p>\n

3-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1968 .<\/p>\n

4-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1969 .<\/p>\n

5-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1971 .<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0647\u0645\u00a0 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 :<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627 : \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 :<\/p>\n

1-\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631 ( \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1959 \u060c \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1971 ) .<\/p>\n

2-\u0637\u0627\u063a\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 ( \u0639\u0627\u0645 1961 ) .<\/p>\n

3-\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f ( \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1967 \u060c \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1994 ) .<\/p>\n

4-\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 : \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a ( \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1963 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1994 ) .<\/p>\n

5-\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a ( 1968 ) .<\/p>\n

6-\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 ( 1971 ) .<\/p>\n

7-\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629\u00a0 : \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 ( 1978 ) .<\/p>\n

8-\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 ( \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u06451980 \u060c \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1995 ) .<\/p>\n

9-\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 ( 1982 ) .<\/p>\n

10- \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u064a\u00a0 :\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 ( 1985 ) .<\/p>\n

11-\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 : \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f ( 1986 ) .<\/p>\n

12-\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 : \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a ( 1988 ) .<\/p>\n

13-\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f ( 1993 ) .<\/p>\n

14-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 ( 1993 ) .<\/p>\n

15-\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u00a0 ( 1990 ) .<\/p>\n

16-\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 ( 1998 ) .<\/p>\n

17-\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0643 ( 1999 ) .<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 : \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 :<\/p>\n

1-\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f ( 1958 ) .<\/p>\n

2-\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 (1963 ) .<\/p>\n

3-\u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0629 ( 1977 ) .<\/p>\n

4-\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a ( 1984 ) .<\/p>\n

5-\u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 ( 1985 ) .<\/p>\n

6-\u0643\u0647\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 ( 1985 ) .<\/p>\n

7-\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 ( 1987 ) .<\/p>\n

8-\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 ( \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 ) ( 1988 )<\/p>\n

9- \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062b\u0631\u0629 .<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 :<\/p>\n

1-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u00a0 ( 1967 ) .<\/p>\n

2-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 (1990 ) .<\/p>\n

3-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 .<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a :<\/p>\n

1-\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 : \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0627\u063a\u0648\u0631 ( 1961 ) .<\/p>\n

2-\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 : \u062a . \u0633\u00a0 . \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a ( 1961 ) .<\/p>\n

3-\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a : \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u060c \u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u062c . \u0628 .\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u064a\u00a0 ( 1991 ) .<\/p>\n

4-\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646 ( 1994 ).<\/p>\n

5-\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 : \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a :<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062e \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 176 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u060c\u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 ( \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062f- \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0628 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u2013\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u2013\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u2013\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u2013 \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u00a0 – \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 …. \u0627\u0644\u062e ) .<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0648\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 :<\/p>\n

1-\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1988 .<\/p>\n

2-\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1988 .<\/p>\n

3-\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1992 .<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u064a\u0648\u0645 8 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2022 \u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 “\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0634\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a”\u00a0 \u060c\u00a0 \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0642 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a .<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 :<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1999 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0632 78 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627 .<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 :<\/p>\n

1-\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f : \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b ( 1798- 2020 ) \u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u060c 2000 \u060c \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 297<\/p>\n

2-\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062f ( \u0634\u0643\u0631\u064a ) : \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 Arab Encyclopedia\u00a0\u00a0 \u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a .<\/p>\n

3-\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 : \u0642\u0631\u0623\u062a \u0644\u0643 … \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 ” \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0634\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u060c\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u062a 8 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631\u00a0 2022 .<\/p>\n

4- \u0634\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0627\u062f \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u060c\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062e \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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