\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\/ \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/p>\n
\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u00a0 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u060c \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u00a0 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064a ( 1886- 1959 ) . \u0623\u0645\u0627\u00a0\u00a0 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u0647\u0648\u00a0\u00a0 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 .<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0644\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1886 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u00a0 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u00a0 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1906 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 . \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u060c \u062d\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629\u00a0 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 .<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0648 ( \u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 ) \u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1913 \u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u00a0 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u00a0 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627\u00a0 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u060c\u00a0\u00a0 \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627\u00a0 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 ( 1936- 1944 )\u00a0 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1946 \u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 ( \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 ) \u060c \u00a0\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u00a0 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u00a0 ( 1934- 1959 ) \u0643\u0645\u0627\u00a0 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0648\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0637\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 .\u00a0 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062d\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a 27 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1959 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0632\u00a0 73 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u00a0 .<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 :-<\/p>\n
1-\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 .<\/p>\n
2-\u062e\u0637\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633 .<\/p>\n
3-\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n
4-\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a<\/p>\n
5-\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0627 .<\/p>\n
6-\u00a0\u00a0 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 .<\/p>\n
7-\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 .<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 “\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0627 ” \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0648\u062a\u0629\u00a0 Goeth ( 1749- 1832 )\u00a0\u00a0 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1932 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 .<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u00a0 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062e\u0636\u0631 .<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u00a0 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u00a0 ( \u062e\u0637\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633 ) \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062f\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u00a0 \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u064a\u0628\u062b \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 ( \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0631- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 ….. \u0627\u0644\u062e ) .<\/p>\n
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2-\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f :- \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00a0 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b ( 1798- 2020 ) \u060c\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u060c 2020 \u060c \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 596 .<\/p>\n
3- \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062e\u0637\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633 :- \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0631 .<\/p>\n
4-\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 :- \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0643 \u060c\u00a0 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629\u00a0 4 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a .<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\/ \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u00a0 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u060c \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u00a0 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064a ( 1886- 1959 ) . \u0623\u0645\u0627\u00a0\u00a0 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u0647\u0648\u00a0\u00a0 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 . \u0648\u0644\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1886 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":4428,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[49],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4427","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-49"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/shorouknet.sha.edu.eg\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4427","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/shorouknet.sha.edu.eg\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/shorouknet.sha.edu.eg\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/shorouknet.sha.edu.eg\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/shorouknet.sha.edu.eg\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4427"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/shorouknet.sha.edu.eg\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4427\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/shorouknet.sha.edu.eg\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/4428"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/shorouknet.sha.edu.eg\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4427"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/shorouknet.sha.edu.eg\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4427"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/shorouknet.sha.edu.eg\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4427"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}